The 80386 microprocessor addresses bytes of memory in the protected mode. The 80386 microprocessor addresses bytes of virtual memory through the memory-management unit. Describe the differences between the 80386DX and the 80386SX. Draw the memory map of the 80386 when operated in the (a) protected mode (b) real mode. In terms of programming models, the Intel 80386 has very few differences with the 80486 processor. The 80486 processor defines new bits in the EFLAGS, CRO, and CR3 registers. In the 80386 processor, these bits were reserved, so the new architectural features should be a compatibility issue. 11.4.3 80486 New Instructions Beyond Those of the 80386. In the real mode, 80386 works as a fast 8086 with 32-bit registers and data types.In real mode, the default operand size is 16 bit but 32- bit operands and addressing modes may be used with the help of override prefixes.The segment size in real mode is 64k, hence the 32-bit effective addressing must be less than 0000FFFFFH.
- Difference Between 8085 And 8086 And 80386
- Difference Between 8086 And 80386 In Tabular Form
- Difference Between 8086 And 80286 And 80386
- Difference Between 8086 And 80386
prev:Chapter 1 -- Introduction to the 80386
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This book presents the architecture of the 80386 in five parts:
These divisions are determined in part by the architecture itself and in part by the different ways the book will be used. As the following table indicates, the latter two parts are intended as reference material for programmers actually engaged in the process of developing software for the 80386. The first three parts are explanatory, showing the purpose of architectural features, developing terminology and concepts, and describing instructions as they relate to specific purposes or to specific architectural features.- Explanation
- Reference
The processing mode of the 80386 also determines the features that are accessible. The 80386 has three processing modes:
- Protected Mode.
- Real-Address Mode.
- Virtual 8086 Mode.
Real-address mode (often called just 'real mode') is the mode of the processor immediately after RESET. In real mode the 80386 appears to programmers as a fast 8086 with some new instructions. Most applications of the 80386 will use real mode for initialization only.
Virtual 8086 mode (also called V86 mode) is a dynamic mode in the sense that the processor can switch repeatedly and rapidly between V86 mode and protected mode. The CPU enters V86 mode from protected mode to execute an 8086 program, then leaves V86 mode and enters protected mode to continue executing a native 80386 program.
The very best of the doors album download. The features that are available to applications programs in protected mode and to all programs in V86 mode are the same. These features form the content of Part I. The additional features that are available to systems software in protected mode form Part II. Part III explains real-address mode and V86 mode, as well as how to execute a mix of 32-bit and 16-bit programs.
- Available in All Modes
- Part I -- Applications Programming
- Available in Protected Mode Only
- Part II -- Systems Programming
- Compatibility Modes
- Part III -- Compatibility
1.1.1 Part I -- Applications Programming
This part presents those aspects of the architecture that are customarily used by applications programmers.Chapter 2 -- Basic Programming Model:
Introduces the models of memory organization. Defines the data types. Presents the register set used by applications. Introduces the stack. Explains string operations. Defines the parts of an instruction. Explains addressing calculations. Introduces interrupts and exceptions as they may apply to applications programming.Chapter 3 -- Application Instruction Set:
Surveys the instructions commonly used for applications programming. Considers instructions in functionally related groups; for example, string instructions are considered in one section, while control-transfer instructions are considered in another. Explains the concepts behind the instructions. Details of individual instructions are deferred until Part IV, the instruction-set reference.1.1.2 Part II -- Systems Programming
This part presents those aspects of the architecture that are customarily used by programmers who write operating systems, device drivers, debuggers, and other software that supports applications programs in the protected mode of the 80386.Chapter 4 -- Systems Architecture:
Surveys the features of the 80386 that are used by systems programmers. Introduces the remaining registers and data structures of the 80386 that were not discussed in Part I. Introduces the systems-oriented instructions in the context of the registers and data structures they support. Points to the chapter where each register, data structure, and instruction is considered in more detail.Chapter 5 -- Memory Management:
Presents details of the data structures, registers, and instructions that support virtual memory and the concepts of segmentation and paging. Explains how systems designers can choose a model of memory organization ranging from completely linear ('flat') to fully paged and segmented.Chapter 6 -- Protection:
Expands on the memory management features of the 80386 to include protection as it applies to both segments and pages. Explains the implementation of privilege rules, stack switching, pointer validation, user and supervisor modes. Protection aspects of multitasking are deferred until the following chapter.Chapter 7 -- Multitasking:
Difference Between 8085 And 8086 And 80386
Explains how the hardware of the 80386 supports multitasking with context-switching operations and intertask protection.Chapter 8 -- Input/Output:
Reveals the I/O features of the 80386, including I/O instructions, protection as it relates to I/O, and the I/O permission map.Chapter 9 -- Exceptions and Interrupts:
Explains the basic interrupt mechanisms of the 80386. Shows how interrupts and exceptions relate to protection. Discusses all possible exceptions, listing causes and including information needed to handle and recover from the exception.Chapter 10 -- Initialization:
Defines the condition of the processor after RESET or power-up. Explains how to set up registers, flags, and data structures for either real-address mode or protected mode. Contains an example of an initialization program.Chapter 11 -- Coprocessing and Multiprocessing:
Explains the instructions and flags that support a numerics coprocessor and multiple CPUs with shared memory.Chapter 12 -- Debugging:
Tells how to use the debugging registers of the 80386.1.1.3 Part III -- Compatibility
Other parts of the book treat the processor primarily as a 32-bit machine, omitting for simplicity its facilities for 16-bit operations. Indeed, the 80386 is a 32-bit machine, but its design fully supports 16-bit operands and addressing, too. This part completes the picture of the 80386 by explaining the features of the architecture that support 16-bit programs and 16-bit operations in 32-bit programs. All three processor modes are used to execute 16-bit programs: protected mode can directly execute 16-bit 80286 protected mode programs, real mode executes 8086 programs and real-mode 80286 programs, and virtual 8086 mode executes 8086 programs in a multitasking environment with other 80386 protected-mode programs. In addition, 32-bit and 16-bit modules and individual 32-bit and 16-bit operations can be mixed in protected mode.Chapter 13 -- Executing 80286 Protected-Mode Code:
In its protected mode, the 80386 can execute complete 80286 protected-mode systems, because 80286 capabilities are a subset of 80386 capabilities.Chapter 14 -- 80386 Real-Address Mode:
Explains the real mode of the 80386 CPU. In this mode the 80386 appears as a fast real-mode 80286 or fast 8086 enhanced with additional instructions.Chapter 15 -- Virtual 8086 Mode:
The 80386 can switch rapidly between its protected mode and V86 mode, giving it the ability to multiprogram 8086 programs along with 'native mode' 32-bit programs.Chapter 16 -- Mixing 16-Bit and 32-Bit Code:
Even within a program or task, the 80386 can mix 16-bit and 32-bit modules. Furthermore, any given module can utilize both 16-bit and 32-bit operands and addresses.1.1.4 Part IV -- Instruction Set
Parts I, II, and III present overviews of the instructions as they relate to specific aspects of the architecture, but this part presents the instructions in alphabetical order, providing the detail needed by assembly-language programmers and programmers of debuggers, compilers, operating systems, etc. Instruction descriptions include algorithmic description of operation, effect of flag settings, effect on flag settings, effect of operand- or address-size attributes, effect of processor modes, and possible exceptions.1.1.5 Appendices
The appendices present tables of encodings and other details in a format designed for quick reference by assembly-language and systems programmers.up:Chapter 1 -- Introduction to the 80386
prev:Chapter 1 -- Introduction to the 80386
next:1.2 Related Literature
In 1977, Intel introduced 8085, the last eight-bit microprocessor. Today there are over 200 million such microprocessors embedded in various electronic devices, and its production will continue in the future. In 1978, a microprocessor 8086 – 16 bit microprocessor was produced with a run rate of 2.5 MPa. Its microprocessor memory is up to 16 times more as high as 1MB.
What is 8085?
Аs an upgraded version of Intel 8008/8080 processors, Intel created the well-known 8085 processor. In this processor, 2 new instructions were added to turn on / off the 3 terminals and the Input / output ports, and simplified the hardware using only a + 5V (Volt) current, as well as added a time impulse generator and circuit control circuit. This microprocessor requires few hardware components, but their placement and functionality can provide very high work efficiency. The microprocessor 8085 is very similar to microcontrollers, such as PIC 16f84, which are widely used in process control. According to its power, 8085 cannot be compared to Pentium microprocessors, but it will be used for a long time because it has a great application in simpler electronic devices that do not require such powerful processors. This is an eight bit processor, which is processing data with a size of a byte. It has a clock speed generator with a digital clock speed of 8 MHz, a special controller for intermittent operation and timing control. It has access to memory with a capacity of 64KV, basically there are 16 address pins for direct addressing of the memory space (216 = 64K).
Technical specifications
- Frequency 5MHz;
- about 6500 transistors per 1 μm
- Data bus of 8 bit
- 16 bits
- The AH version has a 20% lower power consumption than the normal 8085 processor.
- Direct memory addressing of 64 Kbps;
- 1.3 μs command line (0.8 μs at 8085AH-2 /0.67 at 8085AH-1);
- 4 vector interrupt inputs (one cannot be masked);
- decimal, binary and arithmetic with double precision.
What is 8086?
8086 are third-generation microprocessors. 8086 has a 16 bit data bus. 8086 has a memory with a capacity of 1 MB (220) and 20 bit addresses are used to address the memory locations. 8086 has a 40-pin housing and uses a 5V power supply. Depending on the size and complexity of the programs, it can work in two modes – minimal and maximum. 8086 contains separate units that simultaneously perform some phases (transfer of operating code from memory to microprocessor – opcode fetch, operand transmission if requested – read, effective execution – execution, return of the result to the memory – write). 8086 works exclusively in realistic mode of operation. Starting from 8086 to 80286, the following addresses are in use: registers addressing, immediate, direct, registering indirectly, based, indexed, based-indexed and based-indexed with displacement.
Technical specifications
- Frequency up to 10 MHz;
- about 29000 transistors per 1 μm
- Data bus of 16 bit
- 20 bit address line
- Direct memory addressing of 1 MB;
- Minimum and maximum mode
- Decimal, binary and ASCII.
Difference Between 8085 and 8086
Size
First of all, 8085 is an 8 bit, while 8086 a 16 bit processor.
Address line
8085 uses 18 bit address line, 8086 a 20 bit one.
Data bus
The first has 8 bit, the second 16 bit data bus.
Clock speed
The 8085 microprocessors' clock speed is 3.072 MHz. 8086 was initially limited to 5 MHz, but it goes up to 10 MHz nowadays.
Flag register
The flag register in case of 8085 contains 5 flags, in case of 8086 – 9.
Pipeline
8086 is the only one that enables pipelining.
Transistors number
8085 integrates lower number of transistors – around 6500. 8086 has more transistors – about 29000.
Clock cycle
8085 works on clock cycle with 50% duty cycle, while 8086 with 33%.
Memory size
8085 uses 64 KB memory, 8086 1 MB.
Memory segmentation
The later version supports memory segmentation.
Modes of operation
Photoshop cs2 serial number keygen free download. Macx hd video converter pro serial. 8086 can work on minimum and maximum mode.
Arithmetic
8085 supports decimal and integer code, while 8086 also supports ASCII.
Processor number
Difference Between 8086 And 80386 In Tabular Form
8085 uses only one processor – 8086 can utilize an external one.
Cost
8086 is higher in price
8085 vs. 8086
Summary
Difference Between 8086 And 80286 And 80386
- The 8085 microprocessor was designed by Intel in mid – 1977. It is compatible with microprocessor 8080 and require less additional hardware, which makes it possible to create a simpler and cheaper computer system. This microprocessor has a Von Neumann architecture, which involves mixing the operating code and the operand. The microprocessor 8085 requires: CPU, memory, and I / O model.
- In 1978, Intel launched the new 8086 processor, and a year later, 8088, which is distinguished only in the address line. This is the first 16-bit processor. The 8086 has a 20-bit data bus that allows storage of a maximum of 220 = 1MB data. For information, this processor contains about 29,000 transistors, and from this processor type there are different processors operating at 5.6 or 10 MHz operating frequency. The novelty of these processors was the segmentation of the memory space, that is, its division into 4 segments of 214B (bytes).
This book presents the architecture of the 80386 in five parts:
These divisions are determined in part by the architecture itself and in part by the different ways the book will be used. As the following table indicates, the latter two parts are intended as reference material for programmers actually engaged in the process of developing software for the 80386. The first three parts are explanatory, showing the purpose of architectural features, developing terminology and concepts, and describing instructions as they relate to specific purposes or to specific architectural features.- Explanation
- Reference
The processing mode of the 80386 also determines the features that are accessible. The 80386 has three processing modes:
- Protected Mode.
- Real-Address Mode.
- Virtual 8086 Mode.
Real-address mode (often called just 'real mode') is the mode of the processor immediately after RESET. In real mode the 80386 appears to programmers as a fast 8086 with some new instructions. Most applications of the 80386 will use real mode for initialization only.
Virtual 8086 mode (also called V86 mode) is a dynamic mode in the sense that the processor can switch repeatedly and rapidly between V86 mode and protected mode. The CPU enters V86 mode from protected mode to execute an 8086 program, then leaves V86 mode and enters protected mode to continue executing a native 80386 program.
The very best of the doors album download. The features that are available to applications programs in protected mode and to all programs in V86 mode are the same. These features form the content of Part I. The additional features that are available to systems software in protected mode form Part II. Part III explains real-address mode and V86 mode, as well as how to execute a mix of 32-bit and 16-bit programs.
- Available in All Modes
- Part I -- Applications Programming
- Available in Protected Mode Only
- Part II -- Systems Programming
- Compatibility Modes
- Part III -- Compatibility
1.1.1 Part I -- Applications Programming
This part presents those aspects of the architecture that are customarily used by applications programmers.Chapter 2 -- Basic Programming Model:
Introduces the models of memory organization. Defines the data types. Presents the register set used by applications. Introduces the stack. Explains string operations. Defines the parts of an instruction. Explains addressing calculations. Introduces interrupts and exceptions as they may apply to applications programming.Chapter 3 -- Application Instruction Set:
Surveys the instructions commonly used for applications programming. Considers instructions in functionally related groups; for example, string instructions are considered in one section, while control-transfer instructions are considered in another. Explains the concepts behind the instructions. Details of individual instructions are deferred until Part IV, the instruction-set reference.1.1.2 Part II -- Systems Programming
This part presents those aspects of the architecture that are customarily used by programmers who write operating systems, device drivers, debuggers, and other software that supports applications programs in the protected mode of the 80386.Chapter 4 -- Systems Architecture:
Surveys the features of the 80386 that are used by systems programmers. Introduces the remaining registers and data structures of the 80386 that were not discussed in Part I. Introduces the systems-oriented instructions in the context of the registers and data structures they support. Points to the chapter where each register, data structure, and instruction is considered in more detail.Chapter 5 -- Memory Management:
Presents details of the data structures, registers, and instructions that support virtual memory and the concepts of segmentation and paging. Explains how systems designers can choose a model of memory organization ranging from completely linear ('flat') to fully paged and segmented.Chapter 6 -- Protection:
Expands on the memory management features of the 80386 to include protection as it applies to both segments and pages. Explains the implementation of privilege rules, stack switching, pointer validation, user and supervisor modes. Protection aspects of multitasking are deferred until the following chapter.Chapter 7 -- Multitasking:
Difference Between 8085 And 8086 And 80386
Explains how the hardware of the 80386 supports multitasking with context-switching operations and intertask protection.Chapter 8 -- Input/Output:
Reveals the I/O features of the 80386, including I/O instructions, protection as it relates to I/O, and the I/O permission map.Chapter 9 -- Exceptions and Interrupts:
Explains the basic interrupt mechanisms of the 80386. Shows how interrupts and exceptions relate to protection. Discusses all possible exceptions, listing causes and including information needed to handle and recover from the exception.Chapter 10 -- Initialization:
Defines the condition of the processor after RESET or power-up. Explains how to set up registers, flags, and data structures for either real-address mode or protected mode. Contains an example of an initialization program.Chapter 11 -- Coprocessing and Multiprocessing:
Explains the instructions and flags that support a numerics coprocessor and multiple CPUs with shared memory.Chapter 12 -- Debugging:
Tells how to use the debugging registers of the 80386.1.1.3 Part III -- Compatibility
Other parts of the book treat the processor primarily as a 32-bit machine, omitting for simplicity its facilities for 16-bit operations. Indeed, the 80386 is a 32-bit machine, but its design fully supports 16-bit operands and addressing, too. This part completes the picture of the 80386 by explaining the features of the architecture that support 16-bit programs and 16-bit operations in 32-bit programs. All three processor modes are used to execute 16-bit programs: protected mode can directly execute 16-bit 80286 protected mode programs, real mode executes 8086 programs and real-mode 80286 programs, and virtual 8086 mode executes 8086 programs in a multitasking environment with other 80386 protected-mode programs. In addition, 32-bit and 16-bit modules and individual 32-bit and 16-bit operations can be mixed in protected mode.Chapter 13 -- Executing 80286 Protected-Mode Code:
In its protected mode, the 80386 can execute complete 80286 protected-mode systems, because 80286 capabilities are a subset of 80386 capabilities.Chapter 14 -- 80386 Real-Address Mode:
Explains the real mode of the 80386 CPU. In this mode the 80386 appears as a fast real-mode 80286 or fast 8086 enhanced with additional instructions.Chapter 15 -- Virtual 8086 Mode:
The 80386 can switch rapidly between its protected mode and V86 mode, giving it the ability to multiprogram 8086 programs along with 'native mode' 32-bit programs.Chapter 16 -- Mixing 16-Bit and 32-Bit Code:
Even within a program or task, the 80386 can mix 16-bit and 32-bit modules. Furthermore, any given module can utilize both 16-bit and 32-bit operands and addresses.1.1.4 Part IV -- Instruction Set
Parts I, II, and III present overviews of the instructions as they relate to specific aspects of the architecture, but this part presents the instructions in alphabetical order, providing the detail needed by assembly-language programmers and programmers of debuggers, compilers, operating systems, etc. Instruction descriptions include algorithmic description of operation, effect of flag settings, effect on flag settings, effect of operand- or address-size attributes, effect of processor modes, and possible exceptions.1.1.5 Appendices
The appendices present tables of encodings and other details in a format designed for quick reference by assembly-language and systems programmers.up:Chapter 1 -- Introduction to the 80386
prev:Chapter 1 -- Introduction to the 80386
next:1.2 Related Literature
In 1977, Intel introduced 8085, the last eight-bit microprocessor. Today there are over 200 million such microprocessors embedded in various electronic devices, and its production will continue in the future. In 1978, a microprocessor 8086 – 16 bit microprocessor was produced with a run rate of 2.5 MPa. Its microprocessor memory is up to 16 times more as high as 1MB.
What is 8085?
Аs an upgraded version of Intel 8008/8080 processors, Intel created the well-known 8085 processor. In this processor, 2 new instructions were added to turn on / off the 3 terminals and the Input / output ports, and simplified the hardware using only a + 5V (Volt) current, as well as added a time impulse generator and circuit control circuit. This microprocessor requires few hardware components, but their placement and functionality can provide very high work efficiency. The microprocessor 8085 is very similar to microcontrollers, such as PIC 16f84, which are widely used in process control. According to its power, 8085 cannot be compared to Pentium microprocessors, but it will be used for a long time because it has a great application in simpler electronic devices that do not require such powerful processors. This is an eight bit processor, which is processing data with a size of a byte. It has a clock speed generator with a digital clock speed of 8 MHz, a special controller for intermittent operation and timing control. It has access to memory with a capacity of 64KV, basically there are 16 address pins for direct addressing of the memory space (216 = 64K).
Technical specifications
- Frequency 5MHz;
- about 6500 transistors per 1 μm
- Data bus of 8 bit
- 16 bits
- The AH version has a 20% lower power consumption than the normal 8085 processor.
- Direct memory addressing of 64 Kbps;
- 1.3 μs command line (0.8 μs at 8085AH-2 /0.67 at 8085AH-1);
- 4 vector interrupt inputs (one cannot be masked);
- decimal, binary and arithmetic with double precision.
What is 8086?
8086 are third-generation microprocessors. 8086 has a 16 bit data bus. 8086 has a memory with a capacity of 1 MB (220) and 20 bit addresses are used to address the memory locations. 8086 has a 40-pin housing and uses a 5V power supply. Depending on the size and complexity of the programs, it can work in two modes – minimal and maximum. 8086 contains separate units that simultaneously perform some phases (transfer of operating code from memory to microprocessor – opcode fetch, operand transmission if requested – read, effective execution – execution, return of the result to the memory – write). 8086 works exclusively in realistic mode of operation. Starting from 8086 to 80286, the following addresses are in use: registers addressing, immediate, direct, registering indirectly, based, indexed, based-indexed and based-indexed with displacement.
Technical specifications
- Frequency up to 10 MHz;
- about 29000 transistors per 1 μm
- Data bus of 16 bit
- 20 bit address line
- Direct memory addressing of 1 MB;
- Minimum and maximum mode
- Decimal, binary and ASCII.
Difference Between 8085 and 8086
Size
First of all, 8085 is an 8 bit, while 8086 a 16 bit processor.
Address line
8085 uses 18 bit address line, 8086 a 20 bit one.
Data bus
The first has 8 bit, the second 16 bit data bus.
Clock speed
The 8085 microprocessors' clock speed is 3.072 MHz. 8086 was initially limited to 5 MHz, but it goes up to 10 MHz nowadays.
Flag register
The flag register in case of 8085 contains 5 flags, in case of 8086 – 9.
Pipeline
8086 is the only one that enables pipelining.
Transistors number
8085 integrates lower number of transistors – around 6500. 8086 has more transistors – about 29000.
Clock cycle
8085 works on clock cycle with 50% duty cycle, while 8086 with 33%.
Memory size
8085 uses 64 KB memory, 8086 1 MB.
Memory segmentation
The later version supports memory segmentation.
Modes of operation
Photoshop cs2 serial number keygen free download. Macx hd video converter pro serial. 8086 can work on minimum and maximum mode.
Arithmetic
8085 supports decimal and integer code, while 8086 also supports ASCII.
Processor number
Difference Between 8086 And 80386 In Tabular Form
8085 uses only one processor – 8086 can utilize an external one.
Cost
8086 is higher in price
8085 vs. 8086
Summary
Difference Between 8086 And 80286 And 80386
- The 8085 microprocessor was designed by Intel in mid – 1977. It is compatible with microprocessor 8080 and require less additional hardware, which makes it possible to create a simpler and cheaper computer system. This microprocessor has a Von Neumann architecture, which involves mixing the operating code and the operand. The microprocessor 8085 requires: CPU, memory, and I / O model.
- In 1978, Intel launched the new 8086 processor, and a year later, 8088, which is distinguished only in the address line. This is the first 16-bit processor. The 8086 has a 20-bit data bus that allows storage of a maximum of 220 = 1MB data. For information, this processor contains about 29,000 transistors, and from this processor type there are different processors operating at 5.6 or 10 MHz operating frequency. The novelty of these processors was the segmentation of the memory space, that is, its division into 4 segments of 214B (bytes).
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Difference Between 8086 And 80386
